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North Hamahera County [ edit ]
| Kabupaten Halmahera Utara, North Hamahera Prefecture | ||
|---|---|---|
| county | ||
 | ||
| ||
| country |  Indonesia | |
| province | North Maluku | |
| Capital | Tobello | |
| government | ||
| • Regency | Frans Manery | |
| • Deputy Regent | Mulis Tapi Tapi | |
| area | ||
| • Total | 4,951.61 square kilometers (1,911.83 square miles) | |
| Population (2010) | ||
| • Total | 161,580 | |
| • Density | 33/km2 (85/square mile) | |
| Time zone | WIT ( UTC+9 ) | |
| Phone area code | (+62)97762 | |
| website | Www.halutkab.go.id | |
Northern Hamahera ( Indonesian : Kabupaten Halmahera Utara) is a county in the northern Maluku Province of Indonesia and is located in the northern part of the island of Hamahera . The county government is located in Tobello [1] . The area of the North Hamahera County is 4,951.61 square kilometers (1,911.83 square miles), and the population census in 2010 was 161,580 people [2] [3] . The main towns in the county are Tobero , Cao , and Galera . The area is known for its white beaches and coral reefs .
The North Hamahera County is one of the battlefields of the Second World War. The Allies had competed with the Japanese for this place. Marshal MacArthur used the Morotei Island near the county as an ally to counterattack the bases of the Japanese Philippine . [4]
Located in the Coral Triangle , the island of Hamahera and its nearby islands are rich in marine living resources. 2005 in Halmahera a quick survey of 28 locations in the Southwest, a collection of the region's coral fish informational organisms, researchers Gerry Allen recorded 803 species of coral fish in his survey [5] .
table of Contents
[ hide ]- 1History
- 2Geography
- 2.1Lake
- 2.2Volcano
- 3administrative divisions
- 4population
- 5economy
- 6religions
- 6.1Conflict
- 7Sources
- 8External links
History [ edit ]
In the 15th and 16th centuries, this area was usually under the control of the powerful Sternate Sultanate , and the coasts of Morota Island and the northern Hamahela County were in a large area called Moro. In the middle of the 16th century, a Portuguese Jesus came to Hamahera and Morotea , and in 1571 strifed against the Muslims who controlled the Ternate and Hamahera at this time . Muslims moved Christians away Morota Island [6] . During 1627 and 1628, Teernate of哈姆扎苏丹(Sultan Hamzah) to many of the island's Christians moved Teernate island Malayu on [6] . Afterwards, this place was under the jurisdiction of the Dutch East India Company .
The island of Morota, which originally belonged to this county , was captured by the Japanese in early 1942. In the Battle of Morota in September 1944, the U.S. Army recovered the southern part of the island and used it as an allied force in the early part of 1945 to counterattack the Philippines and May and June’s counterattack to Borneo. Transfer station.
Since the 1980s, the mining and logging industries in the county have increased significantly and as a result, there has often been conflict with local residents. Here economy depends on fisheries and forest resources, but the wealth generated by the flow of Jakarta or in the hands of the local elite foreign [7] . The development of this situation has also exacerbated the tension in the religious situation in this area [7] . Traditionally Christians and Muslims can live together in life, but the conflict between the two religious groups, but in December 1999, after which religion has been the main reason for conflict in the region [8] [9] . In July 2003, 38 villages in North Hamahhira protested against Newcastle Mining Company , Australia, where gold mines are being mined . [7]
Northern Hamahara County was originally part of North Maluku Prefecture . The first bill of the year passed by the Indonesian Parliament on February 25, 2003 announced that 9 of Northern Maluku County had established the establishment of the Northern Hamahara County. [10] . When the decision was taken to set up the northern Hamahra district, the Indonesian parliament promised to establish a tax-exempt port similar to Batam on Morota Island . However, this did not materialize because internal conflicts led to the formation of Morota Island and North Kazakhstan. The requirements for the separation of Maheira County [9] . Considering that most of the Moloti islands are Muslims, Christian politician Hein Nemotemo rejected the split . [9] In August 2006, under the approval of the Second Committee (Committee II) and the governor of Northern Maluku Province, Thaib Armaiyn, five professional group members of the legislature of the Northern Hamaharah County expressed their hope to Morota in the capital .Independence into the county [9] . From February to April 2007, supporters of the independent Luocheng County of Moloti blocked the government building and demanded immediate establishment of the county on Morota Island . [9] In 2008, Hein Nemotemo anti-secession faction falling apart, in order to avoid 1999-- between 2000 and large-scale religious conflict in Maluku happen again, Hein Nemotemo select concession [9] . November 26, 2008, the Indonesian Parliament approved Act No. 53 of 2008 declared divided from the North Halmahera County Morotai County [11] .
Geography [ edit ]
North County is located in Halmahera , Indonesia Northeast, West Newton Guinea and Sulaweixi island between [5] , accounting for about half of the northern part of Halmahera island, also includes many offshore islands northwest. North Halmahera County at the Coral Triangle , the world-famous coastal areas and marine biological diversity, Triangle, including 70 genera of coral , 2,500 species of fish , including the Indian Ocean - the Pacific Ocean about 70% of known fish [ 12] . Wildlife Conservation Society and North Maluku government's Marine Fisheries Department jointly monitor the environment of this region [12] .
Lakes [ edit ]
- Lake Telagaka
特拉加帕卡Lake (Talaga Paca) is Tuobei Luo southwest of a crater lake. The lake is located in the forested hills. Tragapaka village is located on the lake and the lake is the source of drinking water for the village. [13] [14]
- Duma-Lake Galera
Lake Duma-Galela is the largest freshwater lake on the island of Hamaherra. There are two smaller crater lakes nearby: Makete and Ngidiho [15] .
Volcano [ edit ]
The volcano Turkono is 185 meters (607 feet) high, not only on the island of Hamaherra, but even one of the three most active volcanoes in Indonesia . The volcano is located west of Tobello near the village of Mamuya . [16] The last eruption has been ongoing since 2011.
Administrative division [ edit ]
There are 22 districts ( kecamantan ) in the original district of Hamala , Northern Hama County . On October 29, 2008, five districts in this county were identified as establishing Morota County , so today there are only 17 districts:
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Population [ edit ]
In 2010, a total population of 161,580 was found in North Hamahera County. The main nationalities are the Torbello, Galera, Lolota, Kao, Pagu and Modole [2] . The remaining 10% of the population is from the island of Java , Sulaweixi Island immigration and other areas of North Maluku (especially Makian ) [2] . In addition to Indonesian , local residents also have their own language, such as the Tobello language, and about 15,000 people use it on the island of Hamahera . [17]
Economy [ edit ]
北哈馬黑拉縣大約75%的人口依靠農業為生[18]，特別是種植椰子和丁香。在2004年，椰子種植有55,435公頃（136,980英畝），出產6.6199萬噸；丁香種植3,175.5公頃，出產320.71噸。2002年種植棕櫚47,900公頃（118,000英畝），出產6.85萬噸。托貝洛、南托貝洛和加萊拉等區是石油產量最高的地區，擁有幾個油庫。除此之外，其他作物還有香蕉、水稻、玉米、花生、黃豆、木薯、咖啡、可可、肉豆蔻以及一些水果諸如橙、芒果和榴槤。山羊、黃牛、雞、豬等家畜在該縣有飼養。北馬魯古縣有536,000公頃（1,320,000英畝）的森林，145,500公頃（360,000英畝）在保護中，26,250公頃（64,900英畝）在開發。該地區已被確認儲量的礦產有金、天然氣和鎳。卡奧、洛洛達等區有金礦。加萊拉區有地熱能可開發。洛洛達區的多伊島（Doi）發現有銅礦和鐵礦。
基於1983年海洋漁業研究所的調查結果，北哈馬黑拉地區水域漁業資源蘊藏量估計達644,382.48噸。漁業是該地區重要的經濟活動。大多數居民在沿海居住，依靠海產為其經濟來源。直到2002年，捕撈漁業產量為98,782.21噸，占總產量的65％左右。除漁業資源外還有其他價值較高的海洋產品，例如甲殼類動物、海參、軟體動物和海藻。北哈馬黑拉縣的漁民大多使用傳統的捕魚工具作業，例如漁網。水質好海域使得海洋水產養殖業得以發展，特別是石斑魚、海螯蝦，海藻和珍珠。不過北哈馬黑拉縣的水產養殖的優化和生產力一直很低。直到2002年，海洋養殖總面積達到128,110公頃，出產46.550噸，僅總產量的0.03%。
可提供經濟發展的基礎設施如港口、銀行、市場以及主要商業活動都集中在首府托貝洛。2005年的國內生產總值為3,736.9321億印尼盾。北哈馬黑拉縣2003年經濟增長2.93%，2004年增長3.33%，2005年為3.54%。
宗教[編輯]
北哈馬黑拉縣的主要宗教是基督教和伊斯蘭教。穆斯林和基督徒自16世紀起居住於此，兩個社群遵循「Hibua Lamo」的文化傳統並和平的生活在一起。Hibua Lamo是穆斯林和基督徒之間的一個協議，沒有相互間的侵略算計，並對共同關心的事務有所合作[19]。縣治托貝洛是個強大的基督徒社群，傳教士曾於19世紀末20世紀初到訪，他們在托貝洛建立了一座新教教堂。
衝突[編輯]
1999年伊始，穆斯林和基督徒在安汶發生衝突；在北馬魯古，卡奧的基督徒社群襲擊了大多數是穆斯林的馬基安人。這擾亂了特爾納特、蒂多雷、加萊拉和托貝洛等地兩個社群間的和平，之後衝突蔓延到馬魯古省的其他地區。儘管兩個社群努力嘗試和解，但是問題卻在加劇。數千特爾納特和中哈馬黑拉的基督徒逃往托貝洛，托貝洛成為難民營；穆斯林逃離托貝洛和卡奧。拉斯卡爾聖戰組織之類的外部勢力干預宗教社群衝突，使得問題更加嚴峻，緊張局勢逐漸形成，最終導致1999年12月24日托貝洛發生非常嚴重的暴亂事件，暴亂蔓延到其他城鎮，直到2000年秋天結束。暴亂的餘波至今仍能看見，彼此間不信任的氣氛盛行[19]。在加萊拉仍有燒毀教堂和清真寺的惡性事件，宗教社群間仍能看到有軍事檢查站[20]。
資料來源[編輯]
- ^ Hedman, Eva-Lotta E. Conflict, violence, and displacement in Indonesia. Old Spirits and new names (SEAP Publications). 2008: 278 [2010-06-18]. ISBN 0-87727-745-1.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Introducing Halmahera. Government of North Halmahera. [June 17, 2010].
- ^ North Maluku. Knowing Exploring Indonesia. [2010-06-19].
- ^ North Halmahera, Long Road to Glory. Tourism web site:Government of Northhalhamera Regency. [2010-06-18].
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Maps and facts. Conservation International. [2010-06-19].
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Morotai Island Pulau Morotai. Indahnesia. [June 17, 2010].
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Halmahera village heads protest at Newcrest expansion. Mines and Communities. July 18, 2003 [June 17, 2010].
- ^ Wilson, Chris. Ethno-religious violence in Indonesia: from soil to God. Volume 18 of Routledge contemporary Southeast Asia series, Routledge. 2008: 96 [June 17, 2010]. ISBN 0-415-45380-1.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Aspinall, E., Mietzner, M. Problems of Democratisation in Indonesia: Elections, Institutions and Society. 東南亞研究所. : 327–345. ISBN 981-4279-89-7.
- ^ 印尼語維基文庫中2003年印尼共和國第1號法令
- ^ http://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/28887/node/1011/uu-no-53-tahun-2008-pembentukan-kabupaten-pulau-morotai-di-provinsi-maluku-utara
- ^ 12.0 12.1 North Sulawesi-Halmahera, Indonesia. 國際野生生物保護學會. [June 17, 2010].
- ^ Tourist attractions: Hibualamo. Hammaherautara Government of Northhalhamera Regency. [2010-06-17].
- ^ Tobelo: Around the Largest Town in Halmahera. Hammaherautara:Government of Northhalhamera Regency. [2010-06-17].
- ^ Tourist attractions:Sumsum. Hammaherautara Government of Northhalhamera Regency. [2010-06-17].
- ^ Tourist attractions: Gamlaha Beach. Hammaherautara Government of Northhalhamera Regency. [2010-06-17].
- ^ Holton, gary. Tabelo. Lincom Europa. 2003: 1–2 [2010-06-17].
- ^ Interesting destination. Indonesia Tourism. [June 17, 2010].
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Wilson, Chris. Ethno-religious violence in Indonesia: from soil to God . Routledge. 2008: 96–99 [ 2010-06-17 ] . ISBN 0-415-45380-1 .
- Move ^ Witton, Patrick; Mark Elliott. Indonesia . Lonely Planet. 2003: 830–831. ISBN 1-74059-154-2 .
External links [ edit ]
- North Hamahera County Government Website
- North Hamahara County Administrative District Map
- 2012 North Hamahara Prefecture Infrastructure Map
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Category :
- North Maluku Province Administrative divisions
