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The War of the Protons [ edit ]
| The War of the Protons | |||||||
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 Guardian of Taiwan in Nanshan Mountain City | |||||||
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| Participating Party | |||||||
| Korea | Qing Dynasty | ||||||
| Commander and leader | |||||||
| North Korea Injo gold from point Shen Yuan Jing Shen is far forest Qingye Hong Gou life † Jinjun Long Min Yong † | Qing Taizong Dole British E Erdai Ma Futa behalf of the good Tudor Haug Yuetuo | ||||||
| troops | |||||||
| Unknown | 128,000 people | ||||||
| The War of the Protons | ||||||||
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| Chinese name | ||||||||
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| Korean name | ||||||||
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The War of the Prophet [1] , also known as the " Frequently Crash, " refers to the incident in which Emperor Tai Taiji led the "100,000" Qing Dynasty army to attack North Korea in 1636 . This was the second time that the Manchurian ( post-King and Qing Dynasty) regime had attacked North Korea. It was named after the outbreak of the Year of the Rat .
After the Dingmao War , although North Korea was in alliance with the post-Kinshi regime, it still maintained relations with the Ming Dynasty . In February, Huang Taiji sent notifications to North Korea, and he will rename the emperor Khan, hoping that North Korea will join in and persuade him to bow down. Suddenly, North Korea was totally awake and did not recognize the Qing Dynasty's stealing the emperor. In 1636, Emperor Taizong took advantage of the destruction of the League and led 100,000 troops into North Korea. After crossing the Qing, play good at their field characteristics, bypassing the city is not strong attack, drive straight, twelve days they arrived in the capital of North Korea Hanyang the city, Korea Injo away Namhansanseong refuge. The following year (1637) the first month thirty days after Namhansanseong besieged for months bowls, Injo out of the city, to the east bank of the Han River Mita crossing Qingying surrendered to the Qing Taizong, known as " Landmarks under the city ." After this war, North Korea became a vassal state of the Qing dynasty and completely severed its relations with the original sovereign state of the Ming dynasty .
table of Contents
[ hide ]- 1background
- 2process
- 2.1Invasion of Korea
- 2.2Not persuaded
- 2.3Breaking Hanyang
- 2.4Ding ugly city
- 3after the war
- 4Works based on the background of the war of the war
- 5notes
- 6References
- 6.1Reference
- 6.2Source
- 7External links
- 8See also
Background [ edit ]
1619 The Battle of the Battle after the Ming Dynasty to the original Liaodong area dropped significantly and influence North Korea, Jurchen of the Jin regime began strong. In 1627, after gold monarch Taiji sending troops to invade the DPRK , the DPRK was forced to conferences and the gold, and the gold alliance. However, at the time, North Korea was ruled by the Japanese pro-Ming people in theMing dynasty and remained in the Ming dynasty . The host who had captured the Ming dynasty and fled to North Korea was hostile to Hou Jin.
In 1628, North Korea opened the market in Zhongjiang on the basis of an agreement with Houjin . In the same year, due to the execution of Mao Wenlong by Yuan Chonghuan, the Ming army was thrown into chaos. Huang Taiji planned to take the opportunity to attack the Ming Dynasty and recruit North Korean soldiers. North Korea’s Injo was deliberately procrastinating for three days before he met with Hou Jin’s ambassador. He said to him, “Ming Guo still is my father. Helping people attack the country of my father. But the boat can't borrow it.”
In 1632, Taiji sent Batu ceremony , Caha La , who went to North Korea issued a given amount of tribute. Renzu only agreed to contribute one-tenth of the tribute. He confessed that gold and silver and ox horn were not special products of North Korea and refused to give it up. Huang Tai Tai-chien was a brilliance, and in the following year he caused Shu Renzu to instruct him to reduce the age of his money, and to steal the animals and escape the people. North Korea simply refused with the gold in Hoeryong City, intercity , has since repeatedly refused frontier, and Gyeonggi Province , the Yellow Sea , Pingthree reinforcing the White Horse and other twelve city, in order to strengthen the gold preparedness.
In 1635, Taiji attack Chahar , Lindan Han son's forehead philosophy offer TRANSMISSION JADE SEAL surrender. Each Baylor and Mongol princes are recommended Taiji emperor, sent Taiji UK E Erdai [Note 1] informed the DPRK, the DPRK can not Jie Yan ministers. North Korea’s Injo princes imprisoned the British and Russian monasteries in the Uijeong Government , and the British and Russian monks and other people seized private horses and fled north to escape. Renzu sent people to catch up and announced that they did not recognize the alliance of the city in 1627. Yinger’s father fled back to Kim and reported to the Emperor Taiji.
Process [ edit ]
Invasion of North Korea [ edit ]
In April 1636, Emperor Taiji called the emperor and changed the country to Daqing . At the time, North Korea’s spring messenger, Roderick , answered that Li Kuo was in Shengjing and attended the ceremony. Luode Xian, Li Ming profile duo adamant that North Korea is sovereign, refused to Taiji line ceremony Sanguijiukou it , and when it is up and down North Korea is a country indignant, so that Hong Yihan palm on the exclusion and sparse words "At the beginning of the land of Chenshen, only the ears of a big tomorrow were heard. This is the service of Hu Jin. Today, Zhao An is the only one who has survived, and it has been extended and sealed. He is in the ancestors, what is he in the world, and what is his successor? The magistrate foolishly thought that he had taken his book and wrote his first letter and played it in the dynasty.” There were also 138 students who had joined together in the name and many officials were being evacuated. Please burn the books. This makes the Tai Chi Very angry. [2] [3]
In November of the same year, Huang Taiji tried to invade Korea by depriving North Korea of his intention to invade North Korea. He first sent back North Korea's envoy Li Kuo and informed Injo. The twelfth lunar month on the 2nd, sent Jierhalang keep Mukden (now Shenyang ), Ajige , Batai keep the Liaohe River estuary to stop the Ming army, Taiji personally led invasion of North Korea Qing one hundred and twenty thousand. Taiji make Dole , Haug sub-system left wing Manchuria, Mongolia soldiers, a long pass from the Kuandian; Ministry Seungjeongwon Ma Futa [Note 2] , the British E Erdai and other army three hundred people, dressed as a businessman , North Korea Wangdu Han raid Yangcheng; Tudor , Yuetuo , who collusion of thousands of soldiers and horses. Huang Taiji and the Sakyamuni rate led other troops to attack North Korea.
On the tenth day of the twelfth lunar month, the main force of the Qing army quickly crossed Zhenjiang . On the 12th, soldiers went to Guoshan City and Dingzhou and Anzhou surrendered. But in another way, Sinuijuprefect Lin Qingye hang Baimashan city to fight the Qing, the Qing never been able to capture Sinuiju. Lin Qingye requested reinforcements from Marshal Duzi and Vice Marshal Shen Jingyu , but Kim Zi-tzu and others hoped that they would win the battle alone and did not send troops to reinforce.
On the thirteenth day of the twelfth lunar month, North Korea’s Injozu was informed of the Qing invasion; all Marshal Kim Chi-tzu dispatched an urgency to the ancestral ancestors and played the Qing dynasty andattacked Anju . Renzu was so shocked that Shen Qiyuan was in charge of the defense of the capital Hanyang, and he also ordered the old and weak officials to take refuge in Ganghwado. [4] On the following day, Inzu learned that the Qing Army had passed the news of Songdu (now Kaesong) and sent people to move the palaces, gods, and royals to Ganghwa Island, and then he retreated to the Nanhan Mountain City. When the Renzu vehicle drove past the Sungnyemun Gate , the raid troops that Ma Futa led suddenly appeared outside the city. Renzu once ordered Shen Jingxuan to lead the troops out of the city defense, and sent Cui Mingjito go to the labor force, hoping to delay the time. Ma Futta 's reply was to ask Renzu to send a brother and a minister to the hostages. Take peace talks of the machine, Injo itself to Namhansanseong fled that night Chugeng fled the city. [5] [6] On the next day, Injo leaned on Kim 's advice and was ready to flee to Ganghwado . However, due to heavy snowfall and difficult roads , Injo had to cling to the Nanhan Mountain City. Ling Feng Shou and sent Lee Cheng known as the king brother, sentenced to book Shen Qi added the title of minister of the Qing envoy sum. [7] Huang Taiji reprimanded North Korea for sending a fake prince as hostage in Ding Haoyin. He also asked Shen Yu whether or not Li Yu was a fake brother and Shen Yong could not answer. Take refuge in the Qing Dynasty Pu LanyingLi Cheng insists is the true king brother, Taiji furious kill, expel Korean Ambassador, and insist that North Korea sent Wang Shizi Li Ai as a hostage.
In order to win over the people, Injo personally boarded Namhansanseong tower morale, and pardon Marshal gold from points vice marshal Shen Jing Yuan Ping soldiers make Liu Lin , meaning the state capital Yin Lin Qingye crime strife of one another encyclical to rapidly into the soldiers against the enemy . They also called on each other to request reinforcements. [8] In spite of this, Inzu and the ministers were pessimistic about the time. He called Chen Chenchen and asked whether he promised Qing’s request. The minister or the main battle or the main peace is inconclusive. On the 19th, the Qing Army's precursor troops arrived under the city of Nanhan Mountain. Renzu personally ascended the city. North Korea’s military artillery repulsed the Qing’s offensive. Cui Mingji and other ministers of the Lord’s office proposed to clarify the peace with the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty asked the world’s children to be negotiable and shocked. [9]
Persuasion is not successful [ edit ]
On the 20th, Huang Taiji led the Qing army to Songdu and sent him to persuade him. Injo refused, and summoned Marshal gold from points vice marshal Shen Jing Yuan led his army back to the aid, so come around the loyalist army, also makes gold Qing Zheng went south three Navy convened in preparation for battle with the Qing. [10] Liudu, the general of Shen Liuyuan, sent a message to him. In the Qizhong Qizhong, he deliberately exaggerated his exploits. All the ministers were irritated.
On the 24th, the shortage of food and grass began to appear in the Nanhan Mountain City. The defenders everywhere in North Korea visited the king and came to support them. The Qing soldiers made Li Yipei afraid of the Qing army and stationed at Zhushan did not enter the army. Gangwon camp will be right well Kyrgyzstan led troops to the frugal kuh, was defeated Qing. Zheng Shifei, head of the Public Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, led the troops in Xianchuan, Yishanbuzheng, and was defeated by the Qing soldiers. The entire army was annihilated and Zheng Shifu himself was only exempted.
On the 27th, Huang Taiji led the Qing army to the north shore of the Jin River . At this time, Nanshan Mountain City almost cut off the outside world's news. On the twenty-eighth day, after Liu Duan’s general was sent to repel the Qing’s offensive, [11] he was sent to the north gate of the battle. The sneak attack of Qing soldiers, defeated. Marshal Kim from points vice marshal Shen Jing Yuan defeated the Qing Xian hole in the Yellow Sea Road, the soldiers Gyeongsang Min Yong also led troops to the Chungju Water Bridge.
Breaking Hanyang [ edit ]
On the first day of the first month of the first year of the Chongde year (1637), the Taiji River faced Hanyang while crossing the ice , and Shen Qi abandoned the city and retired in Guangling. At this time, the Department of Puppets also attacked Pyongyang and met with the Imperial Taiji. Huang Taiji led troops stationed in Carbon River, overlooking the city of Nanshan Mountain. Renzu listened to Cao Mingji’s suggestion and sent Hong Ruifeng , Jin Yaoguo , and Li Jingyu to go for a sum. On the fourth day, the Qing troops crossed the Han River. Stationed on the east bank of Han River in Hanyang. At this time, North Korea’s army of kings and loyalties came one after another. On the 7th, Qing Bing defeated Li Shizhao , the Superintendent of the ROC . Southern soldiers make Xuyou Shen, Hamgyong Supervision Department Min holy symbol together soldiers, troops root Yang, Wei Yuan, known as twenty-three thousand; safe to say goodbye eight hundred generals ride to Ann Gap; Gyeongsang soldiers left the promised finish to lead the troops to double ridge, not and confrontation, the military defeat and died; the right of soldiers to make Min Yong battled for a long time, also defeated death; Zhong Qing supervision Department Zheng Shi regulation into the soldiers Yongin, insurance River, also defeated; [12] Pyongan observing the flood lives Gou , and Qing war in alloying , defeated in battle. [13] The other side of the Qing Army Dorgon , Haug left-wing army by the Changshankou Kechang Prefecture City, defeated Anju, Huangzhou soldiers five hundred, Yongbyon City soldiers thousands, killing reinforcements 15,000, seven days and the emperor Tai Chi Resolve. Baylor Du Du army sent cannon, the siege of bowls together Namhansanseong.[14]
On the 13th, Ren Zu sent Hong Ruifeng , Cui Mingji , and Yin Hui out of the city and was rejected. On the 19th, Li Honglu , Cui Mingji, and Yin Hui were asked to summon. On the 20th, Renzu formally decided to honor the Qing Dynasty; the next day, Li Hongshun was sent to make clearing camp and offered a book to surrender. Huang Tai Chi requested Renzu to surrender in person to the city. Renzu suspected it was a treacherous person and therefore did not accept it. On the 22nd, Huang Taiji’s Dorr 衮 attacked Jianghua Island and captured the king of North Korea, the prince, the imperial family, and the families of the ministers. Front right government in Jinshang Rong , front right Cheng Zhi Hong life Hang , Secretary servant Temple main book Song Shirong , former saheonbu palm so that Li Shiji , who do not want to become a prisoner of bowls, committed suicide.
Huang Taiji once again demanded that North Korea's Incheon personally surrender from the city, and threatened that if it did not, the city would be massacred after it was broken. Shizi volunteered to leave the city as a hostage. He said, “Taishan is hanging on top of the bird's eggs. The country’s people who are struggling to work hard are already impatient! They have two younger brothers and another son. Although he died in a thief, what regrets?” [15] On the 23rd, Injo decided to send the son of Li Shi to surrender on his behalf in the city. He said: “For the sake of social organizations and souls, they have no choice but to... Going out does not harm justice, but the Son of Man is also sentimental." [16] However, in Ergoz rumor, it must be done by Ren Zu himself and he threatened to say that Huang Taiji is ready to go back to Shengjing. If he does not agree, he must not reconcile. During this period, the Qing soldiers also launched several sieges, hoping to force North Korea to surrender. Injo had to agree to this requirement on the 27th. On the following day, Huang Taiji agreed with Inzu's request for peace and asked him to leave the city. Qing proposed " Mita crossing covenant " asked North Korea to "the eldest son and another child to a quality" [17] .
Ding ugly city [ edit ]
29, Jen ancestors tied denounced and send people Hirofumi Museum Collated Yin set , Xiuzhuan Wu Da Ji and Taiwan Expostulation Hongyi Han Xian Qing. On the following day, Injo and Wang Shizi, Li Kuai, led more than 50 people and went out of town in Tsing Yi. The ministers sent their tears to Ximen. When Injo came out of the city, Yingluck and Mafta had led the army to meet outside the city. The North Korean people saw Inzu leaving with the Qing Army, and mistakenly thought that the Qing Army wanted to abduct Renzu into Shengjing and cry. Injo came to San Tindui with the Qing army , met with the Tai Chi, and performed a three-nine-ninong ceremony to the Emperor Taiji . This is the historical "Ding ugly city." Both parties sign and discuss:
- North Korea became a vassal state of the Qing dynasty .
- North Korea severed its relationship with the original host country, the Ming Dynasty.
- North Korea Injo their eldest son Li Ai , the second son of Lee correctly the go Mukden as a hostage .
- 朝鮮應向清朝朝貢。每年黃金百兩、白銀千兩、水牛角二百對、貂皮百張、鹿皮百張、茶葉千包、水獺皮四百張、青黍皮三百張、胡椒十斗、腰刀二十六口、順刀二十口、蘇木二百斤、大紙千卷、小紙千五百卷、五爪龍席四領、花席四十領、白苧布二百疋、綿綢二千疋、細麻布四百疋、細布萬疋、布四千疋、米萬包。
- 清朝攻打明朝所屬的島嶼皮島時，朝鮮應該出兵、出軍艦五十艘協助。
- 清朝禁止朝鮮大量修建城堡等防禦工事。
在一系列儀式之後，朝鮮歸附了清朝，並在三田渡地區建立「大清皇帝功德碑」（俗稱三田渡碑）。皇太極隨即撤軍歸國。
戰後[編輯]
清朝將「六十萬」（數字也許有誇張）朝鮮人押回瀋陽市場販賣，其中還不包括被清軍中的蒙古人掠往蒙古的朝鮮人[18]。還掠走朝鮮大量物資，後來朝鮮政府向清朝支付贖金贖回了一些人。根據協議，朝鮮被迫與明朝斷交，接受清朝的冊封，成為清朝的藩屬國。根據規定，朝鮮使用的年號由明朝年號改為清朝年號。朝鮮朝廷要求斥和者自首，洪翼漢、尹集、吳達濟三人自首，被清軍抓往盛京殺害，號稱「三學士」。
雖然朝鮮屈服於清朝的統治，但朝鮮人對清朝非常反感，稱呼清朝為「胡虜」。這種敵對的稱呼和態度，在《朝鮮王朝實錄》中比比皆是。朝鮮方面僅僅在外交上使用清朝年號，在國內則不使用，稱為「某某王某某年」，例如「仁祖大王十二年」等等。不少士人反滿崇明，甚至使用「崇禎」、「後崇禎」等年號，致使「崇禎」這個年號被朝鮮兩班士大夫沿用數百年。朝鮮孝宗可能因為在滿洲擔任過人質，餘怒未消，其在位期間，朝鮮甚至密謀起兵，聯合日本江戶幕府、南明勢力反對滿清，後來又計劃響應三藩之亂和明鄭政權。但北伐計劃最終因財政困難而計劃擱淺。[19]
將昭顯世子扣為人質，既是清朝鉗制朝鮮的手段，也是清朝要挾朝鮮攻打明朝等行動的籌碼，同時又含有清朝扶植朝鮮親清勢力的意圖。[20]
在外交方面，朝鮮建立迎恩門以迎接清朝勅使，在1637年至1881年之間，朝鮮先後161次接待清朝勅使。朝鮮每年四次向清朝進貢（1644年後改為每年一次），直到甲午戰爭清朝戰敗為止。而在甲午戰爭清朝戰敗之後，迎恩門被拆毀，改建獨立門。
以丙子戰爭為背景的作品[編輯]
- 《最終兵器：弓》(台灣片名：《弓箭之戰》)(2011年韓國古裝電影)
- 朴海日、柳承龍、金武烈、文彩元等卡司主演。
- 《南漢山城》(The Fortress，2017年韓國古裝電影)
- 李炳憲、金倫奭、朴海日、高洙、朴喜洵、趙宇鎮等卡司主演。
注釋[編輯]
- ^ 《朝鮮王朝實錄》稱英俄爾岱為「龍骨大」，有時候蔑稱他為「龍胡」。
- ^ 《朝鮮王朝實錄》稱馬福塔為「馬夫大」，有時候蔑稱他為「馬胡」。
參考文獻[編輯]
引用[編輯]
- ^ 中文學術界名稱據《朝鮮朝使臣眼中的中國形象》，第61頁
- ^ 《朝鮮王朝實錄·仁祖實錄》「十四年四月二十六日條」
- ^ 《清史稿·朝鮮傳》
- ^ 《朝鮮王朝實錄·仁祖實錄》「十四年十二月十三日條」
- ^ 《朝鮮王朝實錄·仁祖實錄》「十四年十二月十四日條」
- ^ 《清史稿·朝鮮傳》
- ^ 《朝鮮王朝實錄·仁祖實錄》「十四年十二月十五日條」
- ^ 《朝鮮王朝實錄·仁祖實錄》「十四年十二月十六日條」
- ^ 《朝鮮王朝實錄·仁祖實錄》「十四年十二月十六日條」
- ^ 《朝鮮王朝實錄·仁祖實錄》「十四年十二月二十日條」
- ^ 《朝鮮王朝實錄·仁祖實錄》「十四年十二月二十八日條」
- ^ 《朝鮮王朝實錄·仁祖實錄》「十五年正月十五日條」
- ^ 《朝鮮王朝實錄·仁祖實錄》「十五年正月二十八日條」
- ^ 《清史稿·朝鮮傳》
- ^ 《朝鮮王朝實錄·仁祖實錄》卷34，十五年正月二十二日條
- ^ 《承政院日記》，仁祖十五年正月二十六日條
- ^ 《朝鮮王朝實錄·仁祖實錄》卷34，十五年正月二十八日
- ^ 《丙子錄》
- ^ 史海鉤沉：朝鮮皇室的「反清復明」秘密計劃
- ^ 李𣳫怎麼讀 昭顯世子李𣳫生平簡介及怎麼死的 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2015-05-07.
來源[編輯]
- 《清史稿·卷526·朝鮮》
- 仁祖大王實錄
- 徐東日 著：《朝鮮朝使臣眼中的中國形象》，中華書局，2010年12月出版，ISBN 978-7-101-07758-2
- Kang, Jae-eun. The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Translated by Suzanne Lee. Homa & Sekey Books. 2006 [10 March 2014]. ISBN 1931907307.
- O, Hong-sŏk. Traditional Korean Villages. Volume 25 of The spirit of Korean cultural roots(Volume 25 of Uri munhwa ŭi ppuri rŭl chʻajasŏ). Ewha Womans University Press. 2009 [10 March 2014]. ISBN 897300784X.
- Swope, Kenneth M., The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44, Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.
- Yi, Pae-yong. Women in Korean History 한국 역사 속의 여성들 illustrated. Ewha Womans University Press. 2008 [10 March 2014]. ISBN 8973007726.
外部連結[編輯]
- 한국역대인물 종합시스템-인조 （韓文）
參見[編輯]
- Ding Ying War
- Dingxi City and Santiandu Monument
- Ying En Men (Seoul) → Independent Door
- The shame of Jingkang
- North Korea's Xiaozong Northern Expedition
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5 categories :
- North Korea Dynasty War
- Qing Dynasty War
- Sino-North Korean Relations (Qing Dynasty)
- 1636
- 1637
